Theoretical perspectives of education: Marxist interactionist

Transmission of ruling class ideology: Marxists believe that education serves to transmit the ideology of the ruling class, conditioning individuals to accept their position in society.
Reproduction of social inequality: The educational system reinforces and replicates existing social class inequalities, preparing pupils for a life in the workforce reflecting their class origin.
Hidden curriculum: This term refers to the unspoken norms, values and beliefs transmitted through the routines, social interactions and culture within the school. Marxists argue this serves to reinforce social conformity and compliance to the capitalist system.

Labelling theory: This theory suggests that the labels assigned by teachers can influence a pupil’s self-concept and aspirations, potentially leading to a self-fulfilling prophecy.
Educational triage: Some sociologists suggest that schools sort pupils into ‘hopeless cases’, ‘those who will pass anyway’ and ‘those with potential to pass’, prioritising resources towards the latter group.
Teacher expectations and pupil performance: Teachers may develop expectations of pupils based on stereotypes, which can influence their interactions and assessments. This can ultimately affect pupils’ performance and future opportunities.

Bridging the two perspectives: Marxist interactionists argue that while the broader structure and function of education are shaped by capitalist needs (a Marxist perspective), the experiences and outcomes within this system are heavily shaped by interpersonal interactions and labels (an interactionist perspective).
Class-based labels and consequences: In line with both perspectives, Marxist interactionists argue that labels and expectations within the education system often reflect class-based assumptions, which can serve to perpetuate social inequalities.
Critique of meritocracy: Following both theories, Marxist interactionists argue that education is not a neutral or meritocratic system but one that disadvantages certain groups and strengthens existing power structures.