Demographic changes: Fertility

Trends in Fertility Rates

Over the past century, there has been a general trend of declining fertility rates in the UK, following improvements in healthcare and living conditions.
The decline in fertility rates can partially be attributed to changing social attitudes, increased access to contraception, and changes in the societal role of women.
The Total Fertility Rate (TFR), the average number of children born to a woman over her lifetime, has fluctuated over time. It peaked after World War II in the baby boom and again in the 1960s, then declined steeply in the 1970s.
The TFR has remained below the replacement level of 2.1 children per woman for several decades, putting the UK in line with other developed countries.

Causes of Changes in Fertility

Education and work opportunities for women have increased, leading many to delay childbirth, which can affect the overall fertility rate.
Improved access to contraception means couples can control the size of their families more easily than in the past.
Societal shifts towards individualism and materialism may lead some people to prioritize personal freedom and career advancement over starting a family.
The rising cost of having children, including the costs associated with childcare and education, has influenced the decision of many couples to have fewer children.

Implication of Fertility Changes on Society

A decline in fertility can lead to an ageing population, placing increased pressure on social services and the economy.
With fewer children being born, there may be changes to the traditional family structure and size. An increasing number of families may be childless by choice.
Lower fertility rates can lead to an increase in dual-income households, as women, freed from larger family responsibilities, can pursue full-time employment.

Theoretical Perspectives on Fertility Changes

Functionalists argue that a change in fertility reflects the changing needs of society. They believe a lower fertility rate is necessary for a modern industrial society where people need to be geographically mobile.
Feminists see the decrease in fertility as evidence of women’s increasing power and liberation from traditional gender roles. They argue this is a positive societal change towards equality.
Marxists view changes in fertility as a result of capitalism’s requirements. They argue that capitalism encourages a smaller workforce that is easier to control.
New Right theorists attribute declining fertility rates to changes in societal values and the erosion of traditional family structures. They view the trend as negative for society.
Postmodernists perceive the fertility decline as an element of the increased freedom and choice available to individuals today, demonstrating the diversity and fluidity of modern life.