The Process and Agencies of Socialisation

The Process of Socialisation

Socialisation is the process by which individuals learn, internalise and reproduce social norms, values, behaviours, and ways of thinking.
It is a lifelong process, beginning from infancy and continuing throughout adulthood.
It is central to an individual’s development as it allows them to understand and fit into the social world in which they live.

Primary and Secondary Socialisation

Primary socialisation is the first stage of socialisation, and this typically occurs within the family. Children learn basic norms and values, develop their first roles and understand the concept of self.
Secondary socialisation involves subsequent stages and is delivered by agencies such as schools, media, peer groups, and religious organisations. It usually extends the learning of societal norms and values beyond the home.

Family as an Agency of Socialisation

Family is a primary and fundamental agency for socialisation. It is within families that children typically first encounter norms, values, and roles.
Family socialisation can shape an individual’s identity - including attitudes, behaviours and skills.
This includes gender identity, where children often mirror traditional roles presented by parents.
Family structure (e.g. nuclear, extended, single-parent, reconstituted) and cultural background can influence the form and content of the socialisation process.

Impact of Schools

Schools act as a key agency for secondary socialisation where formal and informal education occurs.
They promote not only academic skills but also social norms, values, and behaviours needed for societal participation.
They also place a large emphasis on rules and discipline, laying the foundation for understanding societal laws and regulations.

Influence of Peer Groups

Peer socialisation is a form of secondary socialisation that happens among individuals of the same age group and aids in the development of interpersonal skills.
It encourages independence from family and helps individuals fit into wider society.
Peer pressure can help shape individual behaviour and attitudes.

Media and Social Media as a Socialising Agent

The media is a significant player in the process of socialisation, often influencing public opinion, behaviour, and values.
It’s a source of information and provides diverse viewpoints on numerous issues.
Social media has become an important platform for socialisation, providing individuals with an interactive medium in which they can communicate, learn, and internalise societal norms.

Critical Perspectives on Socialisation

Socialisation can perpetuate inequalities and stereotypes, including those based on gender, race, class, and sexuality.
Some critics argue the process can lead to conformity and loss of individuality, as societal norms and values are internalised.
The role of nature versus nurture in socialisation remains a debate, with some suggesting genetic and biological factors could influence behaviour alongside or even instead of socialisation.