Pathways in Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is a biological process through which green plants, algae and some bacteria convert light energy, usually from the sun, into chemical energy.
This process is vital for life on earth as it is the primary source of all oxygen in the atmosphere.
It involves the usage of light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose, a carbohydrate, and oxygen.

Photosynthesis is a two-step process involving the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions (also known as the Calvin Cycle).
In light-dependent reactions, chlorophyll and other pigments capture light energy in the form of photons, and water is split into oxygen, which is released, and hydrogen ions. This process also generates ATP and NADPH.
In the Calvin Cycle, which does not directly require light, the ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions are used to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.

Photosynthesis occurs in organelles called chloroplasts, which are found in plant and algal cells.
The light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplasts.
The Calvin Cycle takes place in the stroma, the fluid-filled space inside the chloroplast.

Photosynthesis is crucial for life on earth; plants produce oxygen and carbohydrates which provide food and energy for other organisms.
Through photosynthesis, plants play a significant role in the carbon cycle by removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
As climate change becomes increasingly significant, understanding photosynthesis may help develop strategies to enhance carbon sequestration.

The efficiency of photosynthesis can be affected by several factors including light intensity, temperature, water availability, and concentration of carbon dioxide.
Lack of sufficient light, water or important nutrients can reduce the rate of photosynthesis, leading to slower growth and potentially plant diseases.
Knowledge on how to optimise these factors is important in agriculture and horticulture to maximise plant growth and crop yield.