Awareness of Hazards and Risks

Recognition of Hazards in Cryogenics and Vacuum Technology

Cryogenic fluids like liquid nitrogen and helium can cause severe frostbite and eye damage on contact. These fluids can also rapidly boil off, displacing oxygen and causing asphyxiation.
Explosions can occur when cryogenic fluids rapidly evaporate, causing a pressure build-up. Similarly, if cryogens come into contact with organic material, an explosion may result.
Some cryogenic fluids are oxidisers, and can react violently with combustible materials.
Vacuum equipment can implode if mishandled, causing flying fragments, which may lead to injury or damage.

Personal protective equipment (PPE) including gloves, aprons, and face shields, should always be worn when handling cryogenic materials to prevent frostbite and eye damage.
Pressure relief devices are critical in cryogenic equipment to prevent pressure build-up and possible explosion.
Procedures for ensuring cryogenic fluid handling and storage are done in well-ventilated areas to prevent oxygen deficiency.
Regular safety training and drills can help users understand and adhere to good practice in the use of cryogenic and vacuum equipment.
Use of break-resistant vacuum equipment can help prevent accidents related to implosion.
Always have a risk assessment and a safety protocol in place before starting any cryogenic or vacuum technology experiment to understand and manage potential risks.

Storage vessels should always be clearly labelled with their contents and hazards, and they should be inspected regularly for damage or leaks.
Storage areas must be well-ventilated and wide enough to allow for easy access and movement.
Never exceed the recommended fill levels for storage vessels to prevent pressure build-up and possible explosion.
Oxygen sensors and alarms can be used in storage areas to detect leaks and prevent oxygen deficiency.

Have a clear and well-communicated emergency response plan in place for potential accidents.
Know the location and correct use of safety equipment including first aid kits, fire extinguishers, and eye wash stations.
Understand and regularly practise emergency shut-off procedures for the equipment.
Ensure first aid training is provided and regularly refreshed, focusing on treatment for frostbite and eye injuries.