The four aims of human life

The Four Aims of Human Life (Purusharthas)

  • The Purusharthas are the four aims or goals of human life that guide a Hindu’s moral and ethical decisions.
  • These aims serve as principles for living a balanced and fulfilling life.
  • The four aims of life mentioned in the Hindu scriptures are Dharma, Artha, Kama, and Moksha.

Dharma (Righteous Duty)

  • Dharma refers to the moral and ethical duties and responsibilities one has to fulfil in life to live righteously.
  • It varies according to one’s age, class, occupation, and gender.
  • Dharma can be understood as ‘right conduct’ or ‘duty’, that which supports the social and cosmic order.
  • Dharma encourages Hindus to live virtuously and ethically, conforming to the laws and regulations of their society and religion.

Artha (Wealth)

  • Artha is the pursuit of material wealth and prosperity to ensure a comfortable life.
  • It encompasses all means of livelihood, economic values, and the achievement of wealth and success.
  • However, Artha is considered valid and moral only when it is pursued within the bounds of Dharma, not by immoral means or exploitation.

Kama (Desire)

  • Kama refers to the fulfilment of sensual pleasure and desire.
  • It highlights the natural human desires and the need for love and enjoyment.
  • Nonetheless, it advocates for the lawful and ethical pursuit of love and pleasure, without hurting oneself or others.

Moksha (Liberation)

  • Moksha stands for liberation or release, typically from the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth (Samsara).
  • It is considered the ultimate aim of human life, symbolising spiritual enlightenment and union with the divine.
  • Moksha can be achieved through different paths such as knowledge (Jnana), devotion (Bhakti), and disciplined action (Karma).
  • Achieving Moksha signifies the end of worldly suffering and attainment of eternal peace and bliss.

Interplay of the Four Aims

  • These four aims of life are to be pursued together, offering a balanced approach to life.
  • They offer a blueprint for leading a meaningful life while ensuring spiritual growth.
  • They seem to address different aspects of human existence: Dharma and Moksha cater to spiritual aspirations, while Artha and Kama relate to materialistic pursuits.
  • The ultimate aim of life, according to Hinduism, is to fulfill one’s Dharma, make a livelihood (Artha), enjoy life’s pleasures (Kama), but to ultimately seek Moksha.
  • The concept of Purusharthas highlights the diversity and complexity of human life and the importance of balance in achieving the ultimate goal of liberation.