The four aims of human life
The Four Aims of Human Life (Purusharthas)
- The Purusharthas are the four aims or goals of human life that guide a Hindu’s moral and ethical decisions.
- These aims serve as principles for living a balanced and fulfilling life.
- The four aims of life mentioned in the Hindu scriptures are Dharma, Artha, Kama, and Moksha.
Dharma (Righteous Duty)
- Dharma refers to the moral and ethical duties and responsibilities one has to fulfil in life to live righteously.
- It varies according to one’s age, class, occupation, and gender.
- Dharma can be understood as ‘right conduct’ or ‘duty’, that which supports the social and cosmic order.
- Dharma encourages Hindus to live virtuously and ethically, conforming to the laws and regulations of their society and religion.
Artha (Wealth)
- Artha is the pursuit of material wealth and prosperity to ensure a comfortable life.
- It encompasses all means of livelihood, economic values, and the achievement of wealth and success.
- However, Artha is considered valid and moral only when it is pursued within the bounds of Dharma, not by immoral means or exploitation.
Kama (Desire)
- Kama refers to the fulfilment of sensual pleasure and desire.
- It highlights the natural human desires and the need for love and enjoyment.
- Nonetheless, it advocates for the lawful and ethical pursuit of love and pleasure, without hurting oneself or others.
Moksha (Liberation)
- Moksha stands for liberation or release, typically from the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth (Samsara).
- It is considered the ultimate aim of human life, symbolising spiritual enlightenment and union with the divine.
- Moksha can be achieved through different paths such as knowledge (Jnana), devotion (Bhakti), and disciplined action (Karma).
- Achieving Moksha signifies the end of worldly suffering and attainment of eternal peace and bliss.
Interplay of the Four Aims
- These four aims of life are to be pursued together, offering a balanced approach to life.
- They offer a blueprint for leading a meaningful life while ensuring spiritual growth.
- They seem to address different aspects of human existence: Dharma and Moksha cater to spiritual aspirations, while Artha and Kama relate to materialistic pursuits.
- The ultimate aim of life, according to Hinduism, is to fulfill one’s Dharma, make a livelihood (Artha), enjoy life’s pleasures (Kama), but to ultimately seek Moksha.
- The concept of Purusharthas highlights the diversity and complexity of human life and the importance of balance in achieving the ultimate goal of liberation.