Men and Women

Section: Understanding of Men and Women in Hinduism

  • In Hindu philosophy, men and women are considered two aspects of a single entity (i.e., Purusha-Prakriti, Spirit-Matter) symbolic of cosmic male and female forces.
  • The Vedas give equal importance to men and women as both are inevitable for creation and sustenance of the universe.
  • Certain rituals and practices among Hindus suggest a bias towards men, but such practices are largely driven by societal customs, not religious scriptures.

Section: Roles of Men and Women

  • Men are traditionally expected to study scriptures, practice rituals and be the economic providers (Karma and Artha) while women are usually in charge of household affairs and childcare.
  • However, there is a significant shift in roles, with many Hindu women now excelling in educational and professional spheres globally, and men participating in familial responsibilities.
  • The Manusmriti assigns responsibilities to men and women according to their Varna (caste) and Ashrama (stage of life), with different roles and duties at different stages of life.

Section: Scriptural Position on Gender Equality

  • The Rig Veda asserts, “The Divine is the same in men and women”, emphasising spiritual equality.
  • The Bhagavad Gita acknowledges that both men and women can attain spiritual enlightenment, regardless of their gender, caste or occupation.
  • Scripture like Devi Bhagavata Purana elevates the female representing the divine power or Shakti and positions her as a goddess.

Section: Women and Worship

  • Women traditionally have a significant role in domestic worship (Pujas, rituals, festivals) within the family.
  • Many Hindu goddesses symbolise power (Durga), wealth (Lakshmi), knowledge (Saraswati) and are worshipped extensively.
  • Some sects prohibit women from performing certain rituals; however, these restrictions are societal than scriptural.

Section: Current Trends in Understanding Men and Women in Hinduism

  • Globalisation, Western influences, and increasing education amongst Hindus has led to a steady shift towards gender equality.
  • Hindu communities are grappling with questions around women’s access to religious positions and spaces (like temples) traditionally dominated by men.
  • There is growing recognition of women’s representation and leadership within religious institutions and functions.