The Structure, Function and Main Disorders of the Endocrine System

Structure of the Endocrine System:

The endocrine system is made up of glands that produce and secrete hormones. These include the pituitary gland, pineal gland, thymus, thyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries and testes.
Hormones are transported around the body through the bloodstream.
Each gland secretes a specific hormone that regulates a specific body function.

Function of the Endocrine System:

The endocrine system regulates body functions like metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep and mood.
The pituitary gland, often called the “master gland,” controls other glands and produces hormones that regulate growth, blood pressure, certain functions of the sex organs, thyroid and metabolism.
The adrenal glands produce hormones that help the body control blood sugar, burn protein and fats, react to stressors and regulate blood pressure.
The pancreas produces insulin, which regulates sugar in the blood to provide energy to the body cells.

Main Disorders of the Endocrine System:

Diabetes: Disease caused when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or cells do not respond appropriately to insulin, leading to high blood sugar levels.
Hypothyroidism: Condition where the thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones, causing fatigue, weight gain, depression and sensitivity to cold, among other symptoms.
Hyperthyroidism: Opposite of hypothyroidism, the thyroid gland produces excessive hormones. Symptoms may include unexpected weight loss, rapid or irregular heartbeat, sweating and nervousness.
Addison’s Disease: A disorder where the adrenal glands do not produce enough hormones, specifically cortisol and aldosterone.
Cushing’s Disease: The body is exposed to high levels of the hormone cortisol for a long time. It can be caused by taking too much glucocorticosteroid medicine or the overproduction of cortisol by the adrenal glands.
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): Condition where the ovaries produce an abnormal amount of androgen, a type of hormone typically present in small amounts in women. This leads to missed menstrual periods and often difficulties in getting pregnant.

Review these high-level points and delve deeper into each topic to get a thorough understanding of the endocrine system for your Health and Social Care revision.