The Diagnostic Techniques Used in Haematology

Haematology is the study of blood and blood diseases. It employs a range of diagnostic techniques to diagnose and monitor diseases such as anaemia, leukaemia and bleeding disorders.
Full Blood Count (FBC): This common haematological test measures the number, size, and shape of different types of cells in the blood. It includes parameters such as Haemoglobin (Hb) concentration, the number and type of white blood cells, and the amount of platelets.
Bone Marrow Biopsy: This is a procedure where a small sample of bone marrow is taken for examination under a microscope. It helps to diagnose and monitor conditions such as leukaemia and lymphoma.
Coagulation Tests: These analyses check on the blood clotting process. Parameters like Prothrombin Time (PT) and Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT) can detect clotting disorders and monitor anticoagulant therapy.
Blood Smear Examination: This involves staining a thin layer of blood on a microscope slide. This test helps to detect abnormalities in the size, shape, and number of blood cells, and to identify parasites and microorganisms.
Flow Cytometry: This technique quantitatively measures physical and chemical properties of cells in a fluid as it passes through an electronic detection apparatus. It’s used in the identification of certain blood cancers.
Haemoglobinopathy Investigation: This test identifies abnormalities in the structure or production of haemoglobin. These investigations aid in diagnosing disorders like Sickle-Cell Disease or Thalassaemia.
Immunophenotyping: This test identifies cells, based on the types of antigens or markers on the surface of the cell. It’s used for diagnosing specific types of leukaemia and lymphoma.
Chromosome and Molecular Genetic Testing: These tests investigate genetic changes or mutations in cells. They help diagnose and guide treatment in haematological malignancies.
Biochemical Analyses: Some haematological conditions affect levels of vitamins and minerals in the body. Biochemical analyses, such as testing for iron and B12 deficiency, provide necessary information for diagnosis.

Remember, these diagnostic techniques in haematology are complementary, each providing different information to help understand an individual’s blood and related health conditions. They are critical in diagnosing and treating a range of disorders.