Decontamination Techniques

Decontamination is the process of cleaning an object or a surface to remove or reduce harmful microorganisms, toxins, and dirt.
There are three main types of decontamination: cleaning, disinfection, and sterilisation. Each method varies in intensity and is used depending on the level of contamination and type of material affected.
Cleaning is the least intensive manner of decontamination, which involves physically removing contaminants from surfaces using soap, water, scrubbing, or detergents.
Disinfection destroys most, but not all, microorganisms. It doesn’t always kill all viral and bacterial spores. Disinfectants are often chemicals that can be applied to objects or surfaces.
Sterilisation, however, is the most intense form of decontamination. It aims to kill all forms of microorganisms, including bacterial spores. High heat, such as in an autoclave, radiation, high pressure, and certain chemicals, are often used in this process.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) often require decontamination to prevent spread of infection. This can include gloves, masks, and gowns. Sterilisation is typically used for reusable PPE.
Some healthcare devices also need decontamination after use. These include surgical instruments, endoscopes, and wheelchair handles.
It is important to follow manufacturer’s instructions for cleaning and disinfecting products to ensure they are correctly decontaminated and that the decontamination process does not damage the product.
Decontamination must be ended with safe disposal of waste, as it often contain harmful bacteria and viruses.
Always practise decontamination techniques in line with local policies, guidelines, and regulations to ensure the safety and health of both caregivers and recipients of care.
Understand the risk of cross contamination and how decontamination techniques can help to reduce this risk.
Regular and effective hand hygiene practise is one of the most important and simplest decontamination techniques.
Correct storage of cleaned and sterilised equipment prevents recontamination, and thus is crucial in any decontamination strategy.
Finally, it’s essential to keep a record of decontamination practises for traceability and audit purposes, particularly in a healthcare setting.