Configuration of Biomolecules

Biomolecules are substances that are important in maintaining life processes. They include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids.
Carbohydrates are simple sugars or polymers of simple sugars. Their main function is to provide energy for cellular activities. Their structure includes carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, usually in a ratio of 1:2:1.
Proteins are polymers of amino acids, and their function can vary greatly, ranging from structural support to enzyme action. The structure of a protein is determined by the sequence of amino acids, which in turn determine the shape and properties of the protein.
Lipids are hydrophobic molecules that store energy and form cell membranes. Triglycerides are an example of lipids and consist of three fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol molecule.
Nucleic Acids, such as DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid), are responsible for storing, transmitting, and executing the genetic instructions required for cell functions. DNA is double-stranded, helical in shape, and consists of deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base pairs. Conversely, RNA is usually single-stranded, with a ribose sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous bases.
In the process of anabolism, these biomolecules are synthesised through the expenditure of energy, while in catabolism, these molecules are broken down to release energy.
Biomolecules have specific configuration that adjusts according to their function. For instance, enzymes are proteins that have specific structural configurations to bind substrates in their active sites.
The steroid cholesterol is an example of a lipid with a complex configuration. This molecule is composed of four hydrocarbon rings, and its shape helps ensure the fluidity and integrity of cell membranes.
Substantial changes in the configuration of biomolecules often lead to alterations in their function. For example, in sickle cell anaemia, the mutation of one amino acid in the protein haemoglobin changes the protein’s shape, causing red blood cells to become sickle-shaped and compromising their oxygen-carrying capacity.
Finally, it should be noted that the fundamental principle of biochemistry is that the structure and configuration of a biomolecule dictates its function. This is often summarised by biochemists as ‘structure equals function’.