The Concepts of Health, Ill Health and Disability

Health: In sociology, health is seen as a state of optimal functioning, which includes physical, mental and social well-being. This is not just the absence of disease or infirmity. The World Health Organisation (WHO) defines health as a ‘state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity’.
Ill Health: Illness, on the other hand, is the subjective experience of feeling unwell. It’s necessary to understand that the concepts of health and illness are socially constructed; they vary across different cultures and societies. What is considered healthy or a disease in one culture may not necessarily be the same in another.
Disability: In social perspective, disability is a form of social oppression resulting from society’s failure to provide appropriate adaptations for those with physical or mental impairments. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD) defines disability as “long-term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments which in interaction with various barriers may hinder full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others.”
The Medical Model and Social Model of Health: The medical model views health as the absence of disease and focuses on diagnosing and treating physical or mental conditions. On the other hand, the social model accentuates the impact of social and environmental factors on an individual’s health status.
Biomedical and Biopsychosocial Models: The biomedical model centres on a biological understanding of diseases, using medical treatments to cure. Conversely, the biopsychosocial model considers the complex interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors in health and illness.
The Influence of Society and Culture: Besides biological factors, health, ill health, and disability are significantly influenced by a range of social and cultural factors such as lifestyle, diet, exercise, stress, socio-economic status, and culture. Recognition of these factors leads to a more comprehensive approach to health care.
Inequities and Inequality: There are significant health inequalities that exist in society. These disparities are influenced by various socio-economic factors such as income, education, living conditions, and access to health care, leading to disparities in mortality and morbidity rates across different social groups.
Stigmatization of Illness and Disability: Many societies have stigmatised illnesses and disabilities, negatively affecting those who suffer from them. Stigma can lead to isolation, discrimination, and difficulty accessing services and support, further exacerbating health problems.
The Role of Health Policies: Health policies can play a significant role in reducing health disparities, promoting health, and preventing diseases. Policy can address the social determinants of health and aim to provide equal opportunities for all sectors of society.
Social Care Perspective: From a social care perspective, the emphasis is on enabling individuals with health issues or disabilities to live as independently as possible, with control over their won lives. This can involve provision of support services, adaptations to the built environment, and policies to promote inclusion and combat discrimination.