Things Fall Apart: Context: Life in the 19th century Nigeria

Life in 19th Century Nigeria

19th Century Nigeria existed in the pre-colonial period, largely untouched by European power. It was a period characterised by numerous distinct ethnic groups, each with its own language, culture, and political structures.
This was a society where oral tradition dominated. Histories, laws, and social norms were passed down orally, whether through story-telling, proverbs, or songs.
Polygamy was a common practice. This facilitated the creation of large extended families which were, in turn, essential in agricultural communities for support and labour.

There was not one centralised power or king. Instead, various societies each had their own political and social structures.
The Igbo, the group that Okonkwo’s community is part of, had a somewhat democratic system. Decisions were often made in community gatherings where men could speak and debate. Elders and titled men held prestigious positions.
However, there was also a reliance on spiritual leaders, such as the Oracle, who served as intermediaries between people and the gods.

The beliefs system was animistic; trees, rocks, rivers, and even personal attributes could have spiritual significance.
The people believed in a pantheon of gods and had a deep reverence for ancestors, who they believed could bring either blessings or curses.
Chi (personal god) was a crucial concept. It was seen as a determinant of personal success and failure.

There was inter-tribal warfare, often for control over trade routes, political dominance or response to crimes.
Slave trade although predominantly transatlantic also consisted of internal slave trade, driven by warfare, kidnapping, and debt.
The tail end of the 19th century saw the beginning of the colonial era when the British began to exert control over what is now Nigeria, part of this process involved Christian missionaries.

Understanding this context highlights the complex cultural tapestry that existed before colonial interference, challenging the ‘primitive’ stereotype.
It deepens appreciation for Achebe’s representation of traditional societies, their values, strengths, and flaws.
The analysis of political systems and spiritual beliefs can provide insights into novel’s central themes such as power and freedom, fate and personal responsibility.