Caligula: social context

The Roman Empire

Caligula represents an extreme version of an autocratic ruler, a type of government prevalent during the era of the Roman Empire.
The political system of the time, where an emperor held absolute power, is reflected through themes and characters in the play.

Philosophy

Existentialist philosophy is integral to understanding Caligula. Albert Camus, the playwright, was a prominent existentialist.
“Absurdity”, the belief that life has no inherent meaning, is a key theme of existentialism. This resonates with Caligula’s behaviour and motivations.

Camus and the Absurd

As a philosopher, Camus was greatly interested in the concept of the Absurd. His interpretation of this is seen in Caligula — the title character seeks meaning and freedom “in a cruel and empty world”.
Camus’ absurdist philosophy is also reflected in the play’s dialogue, particularly Caligula’s speeches.

Power and Absolute Control

Absolute power and its consequences is a critical theme in the play. It presents Caligula as an autocratic ruler who uses his power without moral or legal constraints.
Caligula’s capricious actions and callous behaviour present a powerful commentary on the potential outcomes of absolutism and unchecked authority.

Historical Context

Caligula’s reign occurred during the early period of the Roman Empire, a significant phase in Western history. Understanding this historical context is vital for grasping the societal structures presented in the play.
Caligula’s despotic rule led to an unstable period in Roman history. This instability is mirrored in the erratic atmosphere within the palace.

WW2 and the Reflection of Dictatorship

Caligula was written during World War II and is often interpreted as a critique of dictators like Hitler and Stalin.
Camus uses his depiction of Caligula as a vehicle to explore the destructive nature of absolute power, a significant feature of dictatorial regimes.